Motivation at Dell, Hewlett-Packard, and Motorola

Statement of Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify motivational techniques that are being used in different organizations. The three organizations that will be analyzed are Dell, Hewlett-Packard, and Motorola that are named in the top Fortune 500 companies. These companies build on the principle that individuals act in ways to take full advantage of the value of exchange with the organization. Research and theory building in goal setting, reward systems, leadership, and job design have advanced our understanding of organizational behavior. Introduction Motivating employees to excel in any business is a topic of great practical concern to employers, and of great theoretical concern to researchers. Education and continued†¦show more content†¦True leaders concentrate on improving the quality of work life for their people. They do this by, first, driving out fear. (Expectancy Theory) In his famous fourteen points of advice to management, W. Edwards Deming states: The economic loss from fear is appalling. The fear to speak out, the fear to be upbraided, the fear to be fired, cause the employee to withdraw into his cocoon of noninvolvement... His mind is numbed, his creative juices stop flowing, and the company is the big loser. Leaders recognize that a certain amount of drudgery and boredom is inevitable in assembly-line operations, both in manufacturing and business processes. (Bhote 2001) They attempt to inject a degree of job excitement by facilitating both horizontal and vertical job enrichment, creating teamwork, and givi ng powerful tools to the workers so that they experience the thrills of solving problems by themselves, and by making each employee a manager in her own area. The result is an atmosphere of joy in the workplace that even a casual visitor can sense. (Bhote 2001) Motivational Methods Dell has defined their strategy in the following excerpt from their web site. Dells winning culture and comprehensive diversity initiatives create a corporate environment based on a meritocracy (Expectancy), personal achievement (Needs) and equal access to all available opportunities (Equity). We focus on cultivating and promoting best practices among ourShow MoreRelatedThe Marketing Strategy Of Lenovo Brand3494 Words   |  14 Pagesdistributers as it’s harder to drive up prices. Competitive Rivalry: Lenovo is the third biggest PC vendor in the world, being up against Dell and Hewlett Packard, there is little differentiation between all three competitors in terms of product quality and features. However PC world notes that Lenovo isn’t just another Android vendor and that its acquisition of Motorola sets it up very nicely for head-to-head battles with Samsung in the American Android Market (Brad Reed, 2014). Buyer power: Lenovo’sRead More7s Model Samsung5308 Words   |  22 PagesKim, Hanna Earl OECD Journal: General Papers; 2008, Vol. 8 Issue 4, p109-155, 47p, 34 Charts, 20 Graphs This includes the strategy of the organisation, the innovation strategy, the culture in the organisation towards risk-taking and change, the motivation of employees, cross functional learning, knowledge management and the use of internal and external networks. â€Å"Employees’ willingness to take risks very much depends on the existence of a †noblame† culture. 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Towards preparation of a formal marketing plan, it is important to develop a consensus surrounding strategy and approach to be used. Through example, this paper seeks to formulate marketingRead MoreManagers and Managing15099 Words   |  61 Pagesperformance level is determined by how effective managers are at planning.7 As an example of planning in action, consider the situation confronting Michael Dell, CEO of Dell Computer, the very proï ¬ table PC maker.8 In 1984, the 19-year-old Dell saw an opportunity to enter the PC market by assembling PCs and then selling them directly to customers. Dell began to plan how to put his idea into practice. First, he decided that his goal was to sell an inexpensive PC, to undercut the prices of companies suchRead MoreResources Capabilities20336 Words   |  82 Pageswill provide a secure foundat ion for long-term strategy. In fast-moving, technology-based industries, new companies are built around speciï ¬ c technological capabilities. 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These virtual organisations have created networks of relationships that allow them to contract out key functions where this can be done more efficiently and more cheaply.The major advantage this brings is flexibility allowing, for example, Dell to compete successfully against larger Read MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesSTRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Section One Some other well-managed U.S. companies also have invested heavily in training employees who work in teams. These companies include A. O. Smith, Boeing, Cummins, Ford, General Electric, IBM, Kodak, Motorola, Polaroid, Procter Gamble, and Xerox.27 Another example of a company that invests heavily in training is the Dana Corporation. Like Corning, the Dana Corporation has used training as a means of gaining an advantage vis-à  -vis its competitors. InRead MoreIntroduction to Marketing21178 Words   |  85 Pagesfirm needs to identify the business it is in. Here, a balance must be made so that the firm s scope is not defined too narrowly or too broadly. A firm may define its goal very narrowly and then miss opportunities in the market place. For example, if Dell were to define itself only as a computer company, it might miss an opportunity to branch into PDAs or Internet service. Thus, they might instead define themselves as a provider of information solutions. A company should not de fine itself too broadlyRead MoreCisco Systems, Inc.: Collaborating on New Product Introduction12030 Words   |  49 Pagescatastrophe or poor performance at Foxconn’s manufacturing site, a tightly focused supply chain would suffer a more devastating impact than if production resources were more dispersed. Incentives in the Partnership Both Cisco and Foxconn had strong motivations to work together closely. Leticia Jensen noted, â€Å"The key mitigation to risk in this project was the fact that both partners had a lot at stake. We had very strong incentives to succeed together.† This document is authorized for use only by

Essay on International Leagal and Ethical Issues in Business

Running head: International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business Unit 1 Individual Project Delinda Mosley- Thurmond American InterContinental University Online Abstract An upcoming meeting with your new companys chief executive officer (CEO) and other executives is a great opportunity for you to share your knowledge of potentially defective products being sold to customers. You are not sure if others are aware of this issue, and the defective products could possibly lead to serious injuries. To complicate matters, you are uncertain about your organization’s ethical guidelines because none have been communicated (AIU, 2011). How would you present this issue to the CEO, directors, and managers? What specific†¦show more content†¦In order to have more control over the situation and the handling of how it is informed to customers who may have bought the defective product, I would order a mass recall. With a mass recall you can supply the public with information on what to expect with the defective product as well as how the company is working to correct the problem. This allows the customers not to want to abandon the company in the future and advocate to the customers that your company can still be relied upon for quality products in the future. The goal is to insure the safety of the customers and let them know that they can trust the company now and in the future because they didn’t hide info, but figured it out and did everything in their power to regain the confidence of its customers. After you have ensured your public and customers of their safety and that the company is addressing ev ery need for their customers. You work on building your companies image back up. In order to do this, you have to work from the bottom up, but it does have to be a collaborative effort none the less. What kind of internal action would you take to prevent future problems? In order to ensure that future problems don’t repeat itself on the same issue you would need to take another look at your policies and procedure. By doing this it will allow you to find the loop holes and the areas that need updating and improvements (Shanker, 2011). It will also be a way of holding people more responsible in theShow MoreRelatedInternational Business - Midterm Review Essay4115 Words   |  17 PagesLiberalization: move to market based economies + adopt free trade in China + Soviet Union etc. - 3. Industrialization + Modernization + developing economies creating higher value adding products - 4. Integration of World Financial Markets: international banks, globalization of finance - 5. Advances in Technology: reduces cost and time, improves coordination and communication, facilitates development, helps share information/marketing, virtual space removes distance Dimensions of Market

Summary on My Sisters Keeper Free Essays

SUMMARY. This book starts off with the main character Anna Fitzgerald selling a prized possession that her mother gave her. After going home she goes to an attorney’s office, Campbell Alexander is the attorney Anna picks to hire to sue her parent for the right to her own body. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary on My Sisters Keeper or any similar topic only for you Order Now She explains that the only reason she was born was to be Kate’s donor. Kate, her sister, is in the end stages of kidney failure, and Anna wants to file the lawsuit so she won’t have to donate a kidney to Kate. Campbell, who has a service dog but always gives a sarcastic explanation whenever someone asks why, agrees to represent Anna for free. When Anna’s mother Sara receives the papers for the lawsuit, she becomes furious with Anna. Sara can’t understand why Anna would want to do this to her sister, as she hasn’t had any problem with donating to her sister before. Anna’s father however can understand both side of this lawsuit recognizes that she would not have brought a lawsuit unless she was genuinely unhappy. When they realize that they will need a lawyer, Anna’s mother who is a lawyer, decides to be the lawyer representing the opposing side, not thinking the case will go far and thinks she will be able to get Anna to drop the case. The judge that will be dealing with Anna’s case is Judge Desalvo. She appoints a guardian ad litem for Anna, Julia Romano; her job is to objectively decide the best interests of the minor child. Throughout all of these events, Jesse has been setting different abandoned buildings on fire. Jesse acts like a delinquent in other ways as well, such as drinking alcohol, but much of this behaviour is coming from his feelings of being ignored by his parents. Then Brian, their father, finds out that Jesse was the one who has been setting all the recent fires that he and his men have been putting out. When Brian faces up to Jesse and asks him about it, Jesse admits that he feels immense guilt due to the fact he wasn’t a donor match for Kate. Kate becomes seriously ill and is hospitalized. Their Doctor Dr. Chance says she will die within a week. Anna refuses to change her mind about the case. At the hearing, Sara decides she will represent herself and Brian. As a result, Brian takes Anna to stay with him at the fire station to give Anna some distance from Sara. He believes if they remain in the same house together, Anna may unwillingly give in to her mother’s wish that she donate her kidney. Throughout the trial and book, Sara realizes where she went wrong in some aspects of her parenting. Though she is frustrated at what Anna is doing, she never hates her or stops loving her for it. At the trial, Sara and Campbell question witnesses including the doctors familiar with Kate’s medical condition and history. Reluctantly Anna goes to the stand to tell her side of the story, during this Jesse as her brother getting annoyed at people blaming her, shouts to her to just tell the truth. She then admits that she only filed the lawsuit because Kate told her to. Then just as she says that Campbell has an epileptic seizure and collapses. When his seizure ends, he admits he has been having seizures ever since a car accident in high school. He also explains that the seizures are the reason he has a service dog, which can tell when another seizure is coming on. Then Anna goes back to the stand and explains When Anna first found out that Kate needed her for a kidney transplant, she was going to do it and didn’t mind. But, Kate convinced her not to. Turns out, she didn’t want to go through with the surgery; she was tired of being sick and waiting to die. She knew she’d die without the transplant, but she just couldn’t go through it all. It was Kate who convinced Anna to get a lawyer. Anna also admits that while she loves her sister, part of her wanted Kate to die, too, so that she could have more freedom with her life. The trial ends with Judge Desalvo ruling in Anna’s favour and that Campbell has medical attorney over her. Everyone was happy that the case was over, and no one was mad at Anna for doing what she did. A sad twist of fate then happens. On the way to the hospital, Campbell and Anna get into a serious car accident as the car was struck by a truck. Campbell makes it out okay, but Anna is left brain dead. Everyone is wounded with grief, especially Sara who had always been planning out the death of her other daughter, Kate. Then doctors ask about an organ donation. Campbell, being the medical attorney for Anna, Campbell tells the doctors to give Anna’s kidney to Kate. Kate narrates the epilogue, set in 2010. She discusses the grief her family went through after Anna’s death, and the fact that she blames herself. She knows, however, that she will always carry Anna with her. How to cite Summary on My Sisters Keeper, Papers

NiCE Qualitative Characteristics Measurement †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the NiCE Qualitative Characteristics Measurement. Answer: Introduction In this continuously changing business world, companies all over the world are witnessing impressive growth in the businesses that leads to higher profitability. At the same time, the business entities have to confront with various difficult business problems or issues due to their complex business structure. One of these issues is known as Accounting Issues. Business entities face different kinds of accounting issues at the time of conducting the accounting and financial operations. Various reasons are there behind these issues management, but non compliance with the required accounting and financial standards is considered as the major reason behind the occurrence of accounting issues (Kulikova, Grigoryeva and Gubaidullina 2014). It needs to be mentioned that it is the obligation on the business entities to carry on their accounting and financial operations as per the provided standards and principles of accounting conceptual framework and there is not any exception of this rule in case of Australian Security Exchange (ASX) listed companies. In Australia, Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB), collaborating with International Accounting Standard Board (IASB), has developed an accounting conceptual framework that consists of all the required standards, regulations and principles that the ASX listed companies must comply with in order to avoid the significant accounting issues (aasb.gov.au 2018). This report aims to do an in-depth analysis of the standards and principles of the conceptual framework in Australia. Dominos Pizza Enterprises Limited of Australia is selected for the analysis as the company is listed in the top 100 ASX companies (dominos.com.au 2018). Conceptual Framework Objectives As per the earlier discussion, the ASX listed business entities are responsible to comply with the standards and principles of AASB conceptual framework so that the aspects like transparency and accuracy in financial reporting can be maintained. Now, it is required to be mentioned that the AASB conceptual framework has three major objectives in financial reporting and they are mentioned below: Users of financial statements need information about the economic resources of the business entities as this information is helpful for ascertaining the financial standing of the business entities. Thus, the first objective of conceptual framework is the give the users the necessary information about the economic resources of the entities for determining the financial position (aasb.gov.au 2018). For the purpose of investment decision-making, users need financial information related to profit/loss, sales and other financial aspects so that the financial performance of the business entities can be ascertained. Thus, the second objective lies in the delivery of this kind of information through financial reporting (aasb.gov.au 2018). Apart from above discussed requirements, users want the information related to the change in the financial performance of the business entities over the years for better decision-making process. Hence, the third objective of conceptual framework is to provide this necessary information to the users through the accurate financial statements (aasb.gov.au 2018). The following discussion shows the compliance of Dominos Pizza Enterprises with the above-discussed objectives of AASB conceptual framework management: The above figure is the consolidated statements of financial position of Dominos Pizza Enterprises. The above statement includes the financial information of the economic resources of the Dominos Pizza Enterprises like assets, liabilities, equity and others and this information helps the users in the determination of the financial standing of the company (dominos.com.au 2018). The above statement is the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income of Dominos Pizza Enterprises that consists of the financial information about revenue, income, profit/loss and others. This information is largely helpful for the users for the determination of the financial performance of the company (dominos.com.au 2018). The above statement is the consolidated statements of change in equity; and this statement includes information related to the change in profit, change in equity, change in income and others so that the users can ascertain the exact change in the financial performance of the company (dominos.com.au 2018). Apart from all these, Dominos Pizza Enterprises provides the necessary notes of financial statements in order to provide proper explanation and justification of the accounting treatments. From the latest annual report of Dominos Pizza Enterprises, it can be found that the company complies with Corporations Act 2001, Australian Accounting standards and the conceptual framework of AASB to prepare and present the financial statements. In addition, Dominos Pizza Enterprises also follows IASB and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for financial reporting. All these aspects support the argument that Dominos Pizza Enterprises Dominos Pizza Enterprises fulfils all the objectives of AASB conceptual framework (dominos.com.au 2018). Recognition Criteria Apart from the above-mentioned objectives, AASB conceptual framework has another dimension that is the recognition criteria of major financial aspects like assets, liabilities, equity, revenue and expenses. At the time of the preparation and presentation of the financial reports, business entities of ASX need to consider these recognition criteria (aasb.gov.au 2018). Moreover, business organizations need to consider two other aspects. First, companies are required to take into account all the relevant information associated with these above-mentioned financial aspects. After that, business entities are required to ensure the faithful representation of the financial statements for the recognition of major financial elements (aasb.gov.au 2018). In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the conceptual framework of AASB has provided the business entities of Australia with different rules for the recognition and measurement of the crucial elements of financial reporting. The following discussion shows the compliance of Dominos Pizza Enterprises with the above-discussed recognition criteria of AASB conceptual framework: Revenue: The accountants of Dominos Pizza Enterprises do the recognition of revenue based on the fair value of the received consideration. Revenue from the sales of the goods is recognized after the transfer of risk and rewards of ownership. Accrual basis is used for the recognition of franchise income. Dominos Pizza Enterprises follow AASB 118 for revenue recognition (aasb.gov.au 2018). Equity: ordinary shares are considered as equity in Dominos Pizza Enterprises and the company does not have any limit on the issue of authorized capital. In addition, the issued shares do not have any par value. The company follows AASB 1004 for the recognition of equity (aasb.gov.au 2018). Assets: Dominos Pizza Enterprises uses fair value model for the recognition of property, plant equipment as per AASB 116. It needs to be mentioned that Dominos Pizza Enterprises has pledged all their assets except goodwill as security (aasb.gov.au 2018). For the recognition of goodwill, Dominos Pizza Enterprises uses fair value and the goodwill is subject of amortisation as per AASB 138 (aasb.gov.au 2018). The company recognizes their trade and other receivables as loans and receivables and their measurement is done based on amortized costs as per AASB 9 (aasb.gov.au 2018). Liability: Trade and other payable is a significant liability of Dominos Pizza Enterprises and the company recognizes them as financial liabilities based on the amortized costs according o AASB 9 (aasb.gov.au 2018). In the company, interest bearing liabilities are considered as the borrowings of the company and Dominos Pizza Enterprises recognizes them on fair value basis after the deduction of transaction costs (aasb.gov.au 2018). Dominos Pizza Enterprises recognizes their business provision at the time of the presence of any present legal obligation due to any past event as per AASB (aasb.gov.au 2018). Thus, from the above discussion, it can be observed that Dominos Pizza Enterprises use the different recognition criteria provided by AASB conceptual framework for the recognition of different financial aspects. It implies that the company fully complies with the standards and principle of the recognition criteria of AASB conceptual framework. Fundamental Qualitative Characteristics In the conceptual framework for financial reporting, AASB has mentioned abut two fundamental characteristics of financial reporting as it is necessary for the financial statements to have these two characteristics in order to become useful to the users. They are Relevance and Faithful Representation. It needs to be mentioned that the relevant financial information has the capability to make positive difference in the decision-making process of the users (Nobes and Stadler 2015). At the same time, faithful representation helps the companies in representing all the information about the economic phenomena of the business entities (Sytnik 2014). The analysis of the 2017 Annual Report of Dominos Pizza Enterprises states that the company is very efficient in releasing the required financial through the publication of necessary financial statements like balance sheet, income statement, cash flows statement and others (dominos.com.au 2018). By accessing these reports, users can obtain all the relevant financial information of the company (dominos.com.au 2018). As per the above audit report, it can be observed that Dominos Pizza Enterprises has prepared and presented all of their financial statement with accordance to the standards of Australian Accounting Standard, AASB and Corporations Act 2001 (dominos.com.au 2018). In addition, the company also follows the standards of IASB and IFRS for financial reporting. Thus, all these above-mentioned aspects support the argument that the company has ensured faithful representation of financial information (dominos.com.au 2018). Enhancing Qualitative Characteristics Apart from the fundamental qualitative characteristics, AASB conceptual framework has also mentioned about four enhancing qualitative characteristics in order to enhance the quality of financial reporting. They are Comparability, Verifiability, Timeliness and Understandability (Bohuova 2014). Comparability helps in the identification of the similarities and differences in the different aspects of financial reports (Yurisandi and Puspitasari 2015). At the same time, verifiability ensures that the users can verify the provided financial information with the help of their knowledge. In the presence of timeliness characteristic, business organizations can ensure the timely delivery of the financial information (Kulikova Grigoryeva and Gubaidullina 2014). Lastly, in the presence of understandability, users can classify the financial information based on their characteristics and can present them (Gebhardt, Mora and Wagenhofer 2014). The presence of all these characteristics can be seen in the financial reporting of Dominos Pizza Enterprises (dominos.com.au 2018). The presence of faithful representation ensures to retain the characteristics of comparability and verifiability as the users can compare and verify the information by using the standards of AASB (dominos.com.au 2018). In addition, timely release of annual report ensures timeliness in financial information. It needs to be mentioned that Dominos Pizza Enterprises discloses all the necessary justification and clarification of accounting procedures with various notes to financial statements so that it becomes easy for the users to understand them (dominos.com.au 2018). Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it can be said that it is necessary for the business entities of ASX to comply with the standards and principles of the conceptual framework of AASB so that they can ignore the major accounting issues caused by non-complying with the required standards. Apart from this, the compliance with the conceptual framework of AASB helps in bringing accuracy, transparency and understandability in the financial reporting for the overall betterment of the users of these reports. In this report, it can be observed that Dominos Pizza Enterprises prepares and presents all of their financial statements in accordance with the rules and regulations of AASB conceptual framework. The company has fulfilled the objectives of AASB conceptual framework where they have recognized and measured the major financial elements as per the AASB recognition criteria. Complying with all these aspects has ensured that the financial reporting of the company posses all the fundamental as we ll as enhacing qualitative characteristics of AASB conceptual framework. By complying with all these standards and principles, Dominos Pizza Enterprises has been able to assist the users in decision-making process. From the whole discussion, some recommendations are provided below: It is recommended for all the ASX listed business entities to follow all the required standards and regulations for financial reporting in order to avoid the accounting issues; like AASB, IFRS, IASB and others. The business entities of Australia are required to comply with the objective of AASB conceptual framework for effective financial reporting. It is recommended to all ASX listed business entities to follow the recognition criteria of AASB conceptual framework for the recognition of major financial elements. The financial statements of these companies must possess both the fundamental and enhancing qualitative characteristics of financial reporting. References Aasb.gov.au. (2018).Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/ACCED264_06-15.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Aasb.gov.au. (2018).Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/ACCED264_06-15.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Aasb.gov.au. (2018).Contributions. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB1004_12-07_COMPjan15_07-15.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Aasb.gov.au. (2018).Financial Instruments. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB9_12-14.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Aasb.gov.au. (2018).Intangible Assets. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB138_08-15_COMPoct15_01-18.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Aasb.gov.au. (2018).Inventories. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB102_07-15.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Aasb.gov.au. (2018).Property, Plant and Equipment. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB116_07-04_COMPjun14_07-14.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Aasb.gov.au. (2018).Revenue. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB118_07-04_COMPmay09_01-10.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Bohuov, H., 2014. General aaproach to the IFRS and US GAAP convergence.Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis,59(4), pp.27-36. Dominos.com.au. (2018).Annual Report 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.dominos.com.au/media/91141/2017.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Dominos.com.au. (2018).Domino's Corporate - Domino's Pizza. [online] Available at: https://www.dominos.com.au/inside-dominos/corporate [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Gebhardt, G., Mora, A. and Wagenhofer, A., 2014. Revisiting the fundamental concepts of IFRS.Abacus,50(1), pp.107-116. Kulikova, L.I., Grigoryeva, L.L. and Gubaidullina, A.R., 2014. The interrelation between the professional judgment of the accountant and the quality of financial reporting.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,5(24), p.61. Nobes, C.W. and Stadler, C., 2015. The qualitative characteristics of financial information, and managers accounting decisions: evidence from IFRS policy changes.Accounting and Business Research,45(5), pp.572-601. Sytnik, O.E., 2014. Comparative analysis of the guidelines for the preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS and formed the Russian accounting rules. Sworld,27(2), pp.27-31. Yurisandi, T. and Puspitasari, E., 2015. Financial Reporting Quality-Before and After IFRS Adoption Using NiCE Qualitative Characteristics Measurement.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,211, pp.644-652.

Levi Strauss Co Essay Example

Levi Strauss Co Essay Levi Strauss Co. (LSCO) is a privately held clothing company known worldwide for its Levis brand of denim jeans. It was founded in 1853 when Levi Strauss came from Buttenheim, Franconia, (Kingdom of Bavaria) to San Francisco, California to open a west coast branch of his brothers New York dry goods business. Although the company began producing denim overalls in the 1870s, modern jeans were not produced until the 1920s. The company briefly experimented (in the 1970s) with employee ownership and a public stock listing, but remains owned and controlled by descendants and relatives of Levi Strauss four nephews. Organization Levi Strauss Co. is a worldwide corporation organized into three geographic divisions: Levi Strauss Americas (LSA), based in the San Francisco headquarters; Levi Strauss Europe, Middle East and Africa (LSEMA), based in Brussels; and Asia Pacific Division (APD), based in Singapore. The company employs a staff of approximately 10,500 people worldwide, and owns and develops a few brands. Levis, the main brand, was founded in 1873 in San Francisco, specializing in riveted denim jeans and different lines of casual and street fashion. [2] Levis, under the leadership of Jay Walter Haas Sr. Peter Haas Sr. , Paul Glasco and George P. Simpkins Sr. , expanded the firms clothing line by adding new fashions and models, including stone-washed jeans through the acquisition of Great Western Garment Co. (GWG), a Canadian clothing manufacturer. GWG was responsible for the introduction of the modern stone washing technique, still in use by Levi Strauss. Mr. Simpkins is credited with the c ompanys record paced expansion of its manufacturing capacity from fewer than 16 plants to more than 63 plants in the United States from 1964 through 1974. We will write a custom essay sample on Levi Strauss Co specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Levi Strauss Co specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Levi Strauss Co specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Perhaps most impressive, however, was Levis expansion under Simpkins was accomplished without a single unionized employee as a result of Levis and the Haas families strong stance on human rights and Simpkins use of pay for performance manufacturing at the sewing machine operator level up. As a result, Levis plants were perhaps the highest performing, best organized and cleanest textile facilities of their time. Levis even piped in massive amounts of air conditioning for the comfort of Levis workers into its press plants, which were known in the industry to be notoriously hot. 004 saw a sharp decline of GWG in the face of global outsourcing, so the company was closed and the Edmonton manufacturing plant shut down. [3] The Dockers brand, launched in 1986[4] which is sold largely through department store chains, helped the company grow through the mid-1990s, as denim sales began to fade. Dockers were introduced into Europe in 1993. Levi Strauss attempted to sell the Dockers division in 2004 to relieve part of the companys $2 billion outstanding debt. [5] Launched in 2003, Levi Strauss Signature features jeanswear and casualwear. 6] In November 2007, Levis released a mobile phone in co-operation with ModeLabs. Many of the phones cosmetic attributes are customisable at the point of purchase. [edit] Company Background In 1853, Bavarian immigrant Levi Strauss founded Levi Strauss and Company which is now the world’s largest brand-name apparel marketers with sales in more than a hundred and ten countries. At present, there is no other company with an equivalent international presence in the jeans and casual pants markets. The company’s market-leading apparel products are sold under the brands of Levi’s, Dockers and Levi Strauss Signatures. It was in 1873 when the Levi’s jeans, the world’s first jeans, were born when Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis, a tailor from Nevada, patented the process of putting rivets in pants to make it stronger. The Levi’s trademark is currently one of the most recognized in the world and is registered in more than a hundred and sixty countries. From a company with fifteen salespeople, two plants, and almost no business east of the Mississippi in 1946, the organization grew in thirty years to include a sales force of more than 22,000, with 50 plants and offices in 35 countries. 7] The company took on multi-billion dollar debt in February 1996 to help finance a series of leveraged stock buyouts among family members. Shares in Levi Strauss stock are not publicly traded; the firm is today owned almost entirely by indirect descendants and relatives of Levi Strauss, whose four nephews inherited the San Francisco dry goods firm after their uncles death in 1902. [16] The corporation s bonds are traded publicly, as are shares of the companys Japanese affiliate, Levi Strauss Japan K. K. After more than two decades of family ownership, rumors of a possible public stock offering were floated in the media in July 2007. [23] Values and Vision We are the embodiment of the energy and events of our time, inspiring people from all walks of life with a pioneering spirit. We are the embodiment of the energy and events of our times, inspiring people with a pioneering spirit. We believe that business can drive profits through principles, and that our values as a company and as individuals give us a competitive advantage. Empathy — walking in other people’s shoes? Empathy begins with paying close attention to the world around us. We listen and respond to the needs of our customers, employees and other stakeholders. Originality — being authentic and innovative? The pioneering spirit that started in 1873 with the very first pair of blue jeans still permeates all aspects of our business. Through innovative products and practices, we break the mold. Integrity — doing the right thing ? Integrity means doing right by our employees, brands, company and society as a whole. Ethical conduct and social responsibility characterize our way of doing business. Courage — standing up for what we believe? It takes courage to be great. Courage is the willingness to tell the truth and to challenge hierarchy, accepted practice and conventional wisdom. It means standing by our convictions and acting on our beliefs. Levi Strauss Co. has been innovating since 1873, the year we created the world’s first blue jeans. Throughout its long history it has inspired change in the marketplace, the workplace and the world. Its worldwide leadership team, which includes the CEO and 11 executives, sets the company’s overall direction and is responsible for all major strategic, financial and operational decisions. Its company leaders around the world aspire to create the most innovative and relevant products in the marketplace, while upholding its values of empathy, originality, integrity and courage. Levi Strauss Co. prides itself on growing talent from within, and many of its senior-most leaders have risen through the company ranks over the past two or three decades. But to maintain its lead in the fast-changing fashion industry its leadership team also includes executives who bring leading-edge expertise and new ideas from other consumer companies and other industries.

Free Essays on Paradise Lost And Free Will

It has been said many times over the history of religion that God’s greatest gift to man kind is that of free will. In Paradise Lost we hear the story of the beginning of man kind’s journey with free will. It can be said that all human beings have free will to choose what they want to. If there is free will yet no temptation, is that truley free will? In the story we see many examples of man, women, Satan, and god having to choose between options that lay before them. Satan chooses to fight God and to be banished, as well as his choice to act his revenge out on human kind. Human kind has many free will choices to make trough out the story. We can even go as far as to look at God as having free will to allow many of these events to happen. The choices that are made bring us to the root of the topic free will and temptation. The fact remains that if there is no choice of temptation, then the idea of free will does not exist. Satan does have free will to choose what he wishes. He chooses to rage war against God because God did not choose him for a promotion of sorts â€Å"Lifted up so high I’sdeigned subjection and thought one step higher Would set me high’st and in a moment quit The debt immense of endless gratitude So burdensome-still paying! Still to owe!†(4.49-56.p.79). After being cast down to hell Satan and his fallen comrades choose to wreak havoc on human kind to get their revenge on God â€Å",this place may lie exposed, The utmost border of His kingdom left To their defense who hold it. Here perhaps Some advantageous act may be achieved By sudden onset, either with Hell fire To waste His whole creation or possess All as our own and drive, as we were driven, The puny habitants, or if not drive Seduce them to our party that their God May prove their foe and with repenting hand Abolish His own works. This would surpass Common revenge and interrupt His joy† (2.362-371.P.... Free Essays on Paradise Lost And Free Will Free Essays on Paradise Lost And Free Will It has been said many times over the history of religion that God’s greatest gift to man kind is that of free will. In Paradise Lost we hear the story of the beginning of man kind’s journey with free will. It can be said that all human beings have free will to choose what they want to. If there is free will yet no temptation, is that truley free will? In the story we see many examples of man, women, Satan, and god having to choose between options that lay before them. Satan chooses to fight God and to be banished, as well as his choice to act his revenge out on human kind. Human kind has many free will choices to make trough out the story. We can even go as far as to look at God as having free will to allow many of these events to happen. The choices that are made bring us to the root of the topic free will and temptation. The fact remains that if there is no choice of temptation, then the idea of free will does not exist. Satan does have free will to choose what he wishes. He chooses to rage war against God because God did not choose him for a promotion of sorts â€Å"Lifted up so high I’sdeigned subjection and thought one step higher Would set me high’st and in a moment quit The debt immense of endless gratitude So burdensome-still paying! Still to owe!†(4.49-56.p.79). After being cast down to hell Satan and his fallen comrades choose to wreak havoc on human kind to get their revenge on God â€Å",this place may lie exposed, The utmost border of His kingdom left To their defense who hold it. Here perhaps Some advantageous act may be achieved By sudden onset, either with Hell fire To waste His whole creation or possess All as our own and drive, as we were driven, The puny habitants, or if not drive Seduce them to our party that their God May prove their foe and with repenting hand Abolish His own works. This would surpass Common revenge and interrupt His joy† (2.362-371.P....

Men in Black; I, Robot; After Earth Movie Review

Men in Black; I, Robot; After Earth - Movie Review Example This research will begin with the movie review of Men in Black. It is an American movie released in the year 1997 and is based on science fiction. This action comedy movie is directed by Barry Sonnenfeld with actors including Will Smith, Tommy Lee Jones, Rip Torn and Linda Florentino. The plot of the movie has been adapted from a comic book series with the same name. The story revolves around two men, also known as men in black, who are representatives of a non-government agency. They observe the activities and movements of some extraterrestrial beings who are residing on this earth by hiding their identity from regular human beings. The major focus of this agency’s men is to observe the movements of 1,500 alien figures who roam in and around New York City. Since it is a covert operation, therefore the MIB base their operations underground at a Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority  ventilation station in  Battery Park, New York City. In case any humans accidentally witne ss these aliens, then it becomes the responsibility of the agency to use neuralyzers to clean their memory. During one night when Agent K and Agent D were doing their usual surveillance duty, they seized a truck filled with illegal immigrants along with an alien who was disguised as a normal human being. When Agent K attempted to chase him down, he was forced to kill the alien as the latter tried to attack a border patrol officer. Soon after this, Agent D realized he was becoming too old for the job and hence requested Agent K to use neuralyzer on him, which is a precondition for every agent who is about to retire from the agency. The leader of the agency then asked Agent K to find a new partner. In another event, James Edwards who was an officer in the New York Police Department and was extremely active and energetic was chasing a criminal on foot. As the chase took place on rooftops, Edwards soon realized that the fugitive’s irises blink vertically by which he concluded tha t the man was not a normal human being. Soon after this, Agent K uses neuralyzer on Edwards after extracting all information from him about the alien. Agent K then gives him an agency card. Edwards then reaches the secret organization and excels in all tests to qualify himself as a MIB. His original identity is then erased before recruiting him as Agent J. When they embark on investigating the reason behind the aliens leaving the earth all of a sudden, they find out that a farmer named Edgar has been killed and his skin has been used by a Bug who is a type of species of cockroach.

Communism in North Korea Compared with Russia Essay

Communism in North Korea Compared with Russia - Essay Example It seems that for many practical purposes, the evolution of the socialist state in Russia made the Russian Socialist or Communist State assume the characteristics of a capitalist or free market or competitive market state. It is highly that capitalism the competitive market system was restored in Russia. III. The Communism of North Korea North Korea describes her communism as founded on the so-called â€Å"immortal Juche Idea† developed by Kim Il Sung. Kim Il Sung started developing the Juche idea during the North Korean struggle against Japanese invasion in World War II (â€Å"Constitution of the People’s Democratic Republic of Korea of 1998,† 3rd paragraph, Preface). The Juche Idea is the ideological foundation of North Korean communism and socialist ideals. North Korean communists consider that it is their task to remodel Korean society along the ideals of the Juche Idea founded by Kim Il Sung (Korean Friendship Association 1). In the view of North Korean comm unists, â€Å"only when one is firmly armed with the Juche Idea and advances under its banner, would it be possible to emerge victorious in revolution and construction, surmounting all difficulties and trials† (Korean Friendship Association 2). From the perspective or propaganda of North Korean communism among themselves, the Juche Idea is the conviction that the North Korean people has â€Å"acquired through the history of revolutionary struggle spanning over half a century† (Korean Friendship Association 2). Like other communist parties and movements, the Juche Idea adheres to Marxism-Leninism (Korean Friendship Association 2). In particular, the Juche Idea adheres to a typical communist notion that â€Å"Lenin developed Marxism and... Based on this research, socialism is a first stage of communism. In socialism, the rule is to each according to his work while in communism or the rule is â€Å"to each according to his needs, from each according to his ability.† Through the years, however, socialist regimes were confronted with various challenges to modify policies. The main differences between North Korean and Russian Communism are as follows. First, North Korean Communism has explicitly considered itself independent from the Marxist-Leninist ideology through the Juche idea while it is not clear whether Russian Communism has continued to adopt the Marxist-Leninist concepts of a state, socialist society, and communist ideology. Second, the North Korean economy appears to be closer to the traditional notion of a socialist state compared to Russia. Third, private enterprise and private property appears to be more restricted in North Korea compared to Russia. Fourth, North Korean communist ideology uses the Juch e rather than Marxism-Leninism. North Korean Juche is basically socialist/communist ideology but with this twist: North Korean communist ideology has more rhetoric on humanism, independence, and humanity as the center of the Juche ideology. Fourth, North Korean communism or socialism appears to be more restrictive against private property while it does not seem to be case for Russian communism or socialist. Finally or fifth, unlike other communists, North Korean communism focuses on a claim to socialism that is more humanity centered. Unfortunately, however, it is currently the socialist or communist country with the greatest nuclear ambitions.

Tchaikovsky and his Symphonies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tchaikovsky and his Symphonies - Research Paper Example Symphony in F Minor The Symphony in F Minor is a customary four movement piece by Tchaikovsky written in the key of F minor. Tchaikovsky composed this great and remarkable piece during 1877 and 1878. Ironically speaking, he wrote it when he was passing though the phase of his disastrous marriage to Antonia Milyukova. (Sylvester, 102) On account of this very fact, one can easily presume that the great infatuations and contrasts that are written into the symphony are an upshot of his marriage. But this observation is not at all absolutely true, because it is alleged that the piece is in fact devoted to his patron Madame von Meck. Tchaikovsky himself declared it as a "musical confession of the soul."(Brown, 119) The information pertaining to the first presentation of the Forth Symphony is very imprecise, but there are certain issues that can be presumed. For example, one can suppose that the piece was first performed in St Petersburg, since that is to where Tchaikovsky escaped after his marriage fell apart, and that Tchaikovsky was the performer since that was ordinary for the style era. As to larger detail, due to deficiency of information, it is just not feasible. First Movement The first movement of the Forth Symphony begins with the brass instruments in a sort of brass trumpet blast with a rapid rhythm to move the music along. While composing this piece, Tchaikovsky in actuality makes use of the crescendos and decrescendos and, in fact, this is most likely the constituent for which affects the movement the most. He really incorporates large jumps between loud and soft because of the profound use of the horns in this movement. The other component that has great effect is the tempo. He never detaches the two. Every time, in this connection, the music goes soft, the tempo slows down and, in the same way, every time that it gets louder, the tempo is picking back up. There are, on the other hand, a few atypical times in this movement that the tempo alterations aren 't stable with this, but for the mainly part, Tchaikovsky adheres to this prototype of soft-slow and loud-fast through the first movement. (Poznansky, 513) Tchaikovsky used this soft-slow, loud-fast model as a way of attracting his audience's concentration and maintaining on to it. This specific movement is very emblematic of the Romantic style period because of its glaringly visible contrasts and musical color. Tchaikovsky’s emotions can be rightly felt trickling through his music. This is a very turbulent piece because of many of its contrasting ingredients. Second Movement Unlike first movement, in the second movement, Tchaikovsky quit the infrequent jumps in rudiments that were the first movement to a softer and gentler style of music. This entire piece is sort of soft, slow, soothing and doesn't in fact have a lot of adornment, but does surround much color, creating it the easiest to listen to of the four movements. The element that has the greatest effect on the whole p iece has to be the mood. The two other elements are the synchronization and consistency of the piece. The synchronization of this movement is pleasurable because of how Tchaikovsky mingles his instruments jointly at this point approximately affording a genuine flowing sound that calms down and seizes your concentration at the same time. (Shostakovich, 33) Third Movement The third movement is the most delicate, the briefest and most unusual of the four movem

Leadership Case Study: Virgin Group

Leadership Case Study: Virgin Group Founded in 1970 as Virgin Records, the company has expanded to a humongous organization comprising of more than 200 companies in 2007. Its business portfolio ranges from air travel, fitness centers, and mobile telephony. Since its inception, the culture and image of Virgin Group has been directly attributed to the personality and efforts of its owner and founder, the high-ranking executive and entrepreneur Sir Richard Branson. It makes no sense to delink Virgin Group from Sir Branson. In fact, the name Branson is almost becoming synonymous with Virgin Group. This essay aims to provide several aspects of Virgin group. These include the critical analysis of its organizational model, the leadership of Sir Richard Branson and eventually organizations communication. Discussion Virgin Group is made up of more than 200 companies, which employ nearly 50,000 people all over the world. The business has witnessed continual growth since it was started. The revenues reached a record mark of 10 billion sterling pounds in the year 2006. This reveals the magnitude and level of business in which Virgin Group is operating. The nature of leadership in existence in Virgin Group draws many features from the personality of Sir Richard Branson. The business philosophy postulated by Sir Richard Branson believes that the ultimate results of customer satisfaction and shareholders gain is the responsibility of every individual. He believes that if the staffs are kept happy then the customers are going to be happy meaning that the shareholders will be happy too. Consequently, the management of Virgin Group does not fall in to any particular model. It has a unique management structure whose characteristics do not fit those of the existing models. The amalgamation of concepts make s it distinctive. A critical review reveals that the success witnessed by Virgin Group can be attributed to the uniqueness of its management styles. Management Theorists like F Taylor first created the concept of scientific management. This scientific concept postulates that there are six main features of management, namely; experiment, observation, selection, standardization, and training. Scientific philosophy of management expects that rewards and employee compensation should be pecked on performance and co-operation. Although some facets of this theory are outdated, some of its features are still applicable in the business structure of modern times. As a good illustration, Virgin group may be having what appears as a relaxed working environment but some features of scientific management are in application. Such aspects of scientific management used in Virgin Group include training, selection, and payment pecked on results. Some employees are compensated because of their outstanding entrepreneurial ambition and innovative thinking. Outstanding performance in Virgin Group is not only measure by the amount of financial input an employee has brought but also creativity and ability to think outside the box. Another model of management is bureaucracy, which sees the organization of business as one unit. The pioneers of this school of thought believed that family practices could not be delinked from the organization. Therefore, there a need to merge family goals with those of the entire organization. Organizational goals of Virgin Group cannot be dissociated with those of Sir Richard Branson. This is enough reason to conclude that the management style in the organization has some elements of bureaucracy in leadership. Max Weber first formulated this kind of management approach. The impact of entire society is given considerable attention by the management. In this model, the organization is considered as an integral part of an amorphous society. Despite having some draw backs, this model has found its way in to the Virgin Groups management style. In a bid to meet the needs of the society it is serving, virgin management give priority to the impact, its strategies will have on the society. This is the reason as to why Virgin Atlantic, an airline company under Virgin Group, has been on the frontline on the crusade for environmentally friendly jet fuel. Furthermore, there is an element of administrative theory in the management of Virgin Group. Propounded by Henry Fayol, administrative theory view management as a chronological process comprising of planning, organization, training, and coordination of functions. This model represents the transitional theory between the traditional and modern models. It is characterized by rigid and mechanistic tenets. Virgin Group has a little bit of these management principles. It has deviated from it by allowing liberalized management at departmental level. However, at the departmental levels, there is need to advance the principles of management. The thoughts of employees should remain to be customized to suit these principles. The management of Virgin group with a heavy weight is contingency approach. The decision-making and plans executions are done with close reference to the problem at hand. This has seen the group attain notable milestones in streamlining its management, which eventually translates in to revenues. In this management model, the dynamics of business environments is appreciated. It recognizes the fact that different environments require different management approaches. Concisely, it is true to argue that Virgin Groups success story of many years is a factor of many things including it optimal management model. The group has been able to amalgamate the presets of every model to suit its present needs. What is emerging vividly from this global organization is the fact that the efficacy of management is determined by its ability to move away from conventional and rigid requirements. Moving with the trends in the market has been proven beneficial in optimization of profits. From the descriptions given above, it is evident that Virgin Group leadership is a transformational. In transformational leadership the management looks beyond the compensation to the employees. The model, which is in use at Virgin Group, explores the inner factors, which enhance performance of employees through motivation. On contrary to transactional model, which look at compensation alone, transformational leadership looks at way of achieving high-level loyalty and commitment from the followers. The brand in the name of Virgin was founded in 1968. Since then it has grown beyond borders and become a worldwide product. Its venture into many different industries is a true reflection of success. Sir Richard Branson is the present chairperson of the group. He is well known for his stylish but competitive leadership skills. Many analysts and scholars attribute the success of Virgin Group to the creative leadership skills of Branson. In the process of expansion, he took over several risky ventures in a more to diversify and improve his business. In most of his business plans, he focused on minute segment of a specific market and provided quality products or services. This approach allows for creation of small monopolistic markets with high profit margins. One major contributor to Bransons success story is his ability to lead people in exploring innovative and profitable ventures. Therefore, the leadership style depicted by Branson is a topic to be investigated in the following disc ussions. The kind of leadership philosophy advocated by Branson has been infiltrate into the entire company. Sir Richard Bransons leadership style falls in the category of transformational. He has an outstanding ability of bringing out the best out of humanity. Interpersonal and relational skills possessed by Branson are impeccable. He has close touch with the day to day activities of various companies within his group. The most common feature that has made him achieve great milestones in business development is the ability to motivate and rally fellow partners in pursuit of a business opening. If the recent acquisitions are taken as an illustration, he managed to convince fellow stakeholders in adoption of new strategy. In his ventures, he looks for people who are outgoing and willing to start new businesses. His capacity building nature has made him an admirable leader of modern business. His focus spans beyond the orthodox perspective of employees where the management expects the workers to perform to deserve compensation. The interest of Branson surrounds asking the question as to whether a partner or employee is optimizing his or her capacity. He is interested also with people who are willing to take risks and the best in their tasks. For a long time, he has succeeded in bringing out the best out of his staff, a core character of transformational leader. There is no doubt about the fact that Bransons success since 1970s is directly attribute to his attitude towards management of a team. In his approach, the barrier existing between the employees and management is broken. In fact, many people working with him approaches business issues with a philosophy of achieving through innovative thinking and not adhering to the preset rules. Because of the ideologies propagated by Branson, all participants in the organization share similar values. He formulated his own style of leadership, priding himself on integrating the employees in to his style and seeking their thoughts on ways of improving value to customers. Employees are expected to internalize these values and respond in accordance to them. Integration of corporate values in leadership strategies means that there is little interference by external forces. Nevertheless, Sir Bransons approach does not mean that the employees are entirely dependent on the chairmans thoughts. They are equally accountable of their actions like fellow employees under transactional leadership. In order to motivate his employees, Branson and his management team, especially human resources management department have systems of enhancing commitment of employees through bonuses, stock options and profit sharing, and internal promotion wherever possible. Apart from Sir Bransons input in the success of virgin Group, there is a contribution of organizational culture in the company. Organizational culture existing in Virgin Group in fairly complex. The Group serves more than 100 companies operating separately in the industries which are not entirely related. The common feature within ever company in the group is the glamorous Virgin Brand. The brand remains unchanged in all companies operating in different businesses. This is a similarity, which puts a heavy responsibility on each department or division to positively represent the brand. The image reveals an overall image of quality and innovation inherent in the group. Through the creation of an exclusive brand, the company has been able to consolidate and maintain desirable loyalty levels among the customers. The diverse business portfolio evident in Virgin Group businesses is helpful in building and maintaining loyalty in various industries. This is the main reason as to why the company has witnessed high levels of success. The managers in the company employ the concept of creativity to encourage employees to enhance their contribution to the group in whatever level of hierarchy. They discourage the scenario where employees sit back to execute instructions. Employees have the capacity of producing cutting-edge products, which the whole company will be able to deliver to the market. They can also formulate ways of improving efficiency in the company. This is an outstanding feature of Virgin Group. Every individual has a say when it comes to products development. The management style in application at Virgin Group encourages members of staff to be competitive. This will eventually build a desire in the hearts of employees to see the company succeed so that they can be recognized as contrib utors to new and innovative business model. There is no clear cut between management and leadership within Virgin Group. Transformational leadership emanates from executives and top managers in the company. There are harmonized goals set by Sir Richard Branson and fellow company executives. Various companies within the group will work towards achieving those goals. These ambitious goals range from utilization of new technology, expansion in international markets, joint venture with other existing companies and loyalty among customers. Goals formulated at this level of management are communicated to every employee in the company. This is a beneficial strategy, which gives every employee a task to accomplish in fostering the groups mission. The senior management implores the employees to output their skills in such a way that they are going to complement the company. The notion behind this effort is to advance the philosophy that the entire benefits of the group will eventually lead to individual gains for every person involved. The contribution in the group will ultimately result in rewards for managers, employees, shareholders, executives, and customers alike. One desirable feature of Virgin Group is its organizational structure. Through its structure the company has succeeded in overcoming the challenges related to expansion. An expansive organization like Virgin Group must explore ways of handling the massive information within the company. Through its flat organizational chart, Virgin Group Limited has been able to handle it expansive business portfolio with much ease. The reduction of horizontal chain of command means that interdepartmental communication is enhanced. As the level of hierarchy moves down, the lower levels of management tend to concentrate more keenly on the management of the company. Although leadership is always encouraged among the managers, it requires some levels of strict management to make sure that the task has been accomplished. Different divisions within the company have different management function. At Virgin Group, managers have several goals of wide scope. Because of the fact that different divisions of the company are specialized in their operations, well-trained and qualified mangers are required to manage it effectively. In most cases, managers employed by the company have a firm background in their sector of specialization. They must also prove that they are capable by showing a successful record of accomplishment. It is the sole responsibility of managers within Virgin Group to ensure that day-to-day operations needed to keep the division running are executed effectively. Organization is a vital ingredient in the success of Virgin companies. Since the group in an amorphous company comprising of several companies, organization is very critical in putting together the processes. To start with, the company has many goals to be achieved like expanding the global presence and building of customer loyalty. The top executive are responsible for determining these goals and making them available to the entire company. The same executive must ensre that these goals are achievable for them to be received well by employees. However, caution should be exercised to ensure that the employees are not underutilized. Challenging goals are important for the employees to feel that they are engaged in meaningful tasks. Organization of these goals within the division will ensure that specific targets are made. Every division have separate and specialized goals aimed at increasing market share and improvement of product and services. As the hierarchy advances to the junior staffs, goals become more precise and short lived. The targets set at implementation levels are easily achievable because they are very specific. These specific goals are formulated by division managers with close reference to those of the entire group. This system of information transfer enables the company to remain on track on the journey to meeting the targets set by executives. Virgin is a living evidence for the fact that this kind of organization is a major prerequisite for business success. Breaking down of general goals in to actionable points is a desirable feature revealed in Virgins organization. A healthy and workable organizational structure witnessed in Virgin Groups businesses is attained with many varying strategies. Transformational leadership is one of these strategies that have seen the company attain great heights of success. This strategy enables people of diverse backgrounds and ability to share a common goal. Through working together, a team can combine its members efforts and work towards achieving common goal. Transformational leadership gives everyone an equal chance to output his or her ability without reservations. A critical review of Virgin Group business reveals that its versatile and innovative workforce is due to the transformational leadership in place. This is in contrast with transactional leadership in which employees are compensated according to performance. The draw back with this kind of leadership is that it breeds greedy employees whose goal will be to amass rewards as much as possible. Conclusion In conclusion, there are many things to be learned from leadership and management of Virgin Group Limited. The company has cut itself a niche in various industries. It has also proven that all things are possible with dedication and commitment. Through the able leadership of its Chairman, Sir Richard Branson, the management team has come up with a unique formula of managing large scale businesses like Virgin Group. To a large extend, the success of Virgin Group is directly attributable to the input of Sir Branson. He has succeeded in opening a new chapter of management, which deviates from conventional methods. His liberal and all accommodating approach is desirable. There is a formidable blend between management and leadership. A critical review of these two elements reveals that there is no clears cut between the two: a feature that has worked well for the company. Chemical bonds: An introduction Chemical bonds: An introduction Introduction A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms brought about by a sharing of pair of electrons between to atoms or a complete transfer of electrons. There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic, Covalent and Polar covalent. In addition chemists often recognize another type of bond called a hydrogen bond. Among all these three chemical bonds the strongest bond is covalent bond and weaker from covalent bond is ionic bond and weakest among all is polar bond. The main condition for a covalent bond to be formed is that both atoms forming covalent bond should have equal electro negativity or nearly equal electro negativity. For example: carbon can form covalent bond with oxygen and carbon but a covalent bond between carbon and nitrogen is never possible because there is high difference between electro negativity of carbon and nitrogen. Explanation Chemical bond A chemical bond is an interaction between atoms or molecules and allows the formation of polyatomic chemical compounds. A chemical bond is the attraction caused by the electromagnetic force between opposing charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of bonds varies considerably; there are strong bonds such as covalent or ionic bonds and weak bonds such as dipole-dipole interactions, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding. Since opposite charges attract via a basic electromagnetic force, the negatively-charged electrons orbiting the nucleus and the positively-charged protons in the nucleus attract each other. Also, an electron positioned between two nuclei will be attracted to both of them. Thus, the most stable configuration of nuclei and electrons is one in which the electrons spend more time between nuclei, than anywhere else in space. These electrons cause the nuclei to be attracted to each other, and this attraction results in the bond. However, this assembly cannot collapse to a size dictated by the volumes of these individual particles. Due to the matter wave nature of electrons and their smaller mass, they occupy a very much larger amount of volume compared with the nuclei, and this volume occupied by the electrons keeps the atomic nuclei relatively far apart, as compared with the size of the nuclei themselves. In general, strong chemical bonding is associated with the sharing or transfer of electrons between the participating atoms. Molecules, crystals, and diatomic gases— indeed most of the physical environment around us— are held together by chemical bonds, which dictate the structure of matter. * Main types of chemical bonds In the simplest view of a so-called covalent bond, one or more electrons (often a pair of electrons) are drawn into the space between the two atomic nuclei. Here the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positive charges of both nuclei, instead of just their own. This overcomes the repulsion between the two positively charged nuclei of the two atoms, and so this overwhelming attraction holds the two nuclei in a fixed configuration of equilibrium, even though they will still vibrate at equilibrium position. In summary, covalent bonding involves sharing of electrons in which the positively charged nuclei of two or more atoms simultaneously attract the negatively charged electrons that are being shared. In a polar covalent bond, one or more electrons are unequally shared between two nuclei. In a simplified view of an ionic bond, the bonding electron is not shared at all, but transferred. In this type of bond, the outer atomic orbital of one atom has a vacancy which allows addition of one or more electrons. These newly added electrons potentially occupy a lower energy-state (effectively closer to more nuclear charge) than they experience in a different atom. Thus, one nucleus offers a more tightly-bound position to an electron than does another nucleus, with the result that one atom may transfer an electron to the other. This transfer causes one atom to assume a net positive charge, and the other to assume a net negative charge. The bond then results from electrostatic attraction between atoms, and the atoms become positive or negatively charged ions. All bonds can be explained by quantum theory, but, in practice, simplification rules allow chemists to predict the strength, directionality, and polarity of bonds. The octet rule and VSEPR theory are two examples. More sophisticated theories are valence bond theory which includes orbital hybridization and resonance, and the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method which includes ligand field theory. Electrostatics is used to describe bond polarities and the effects they have on chemical substances. Valence bond theory In the year 1927, valence bond theory was formulated which argued essentially that a chemical bond forms when two valence electrons, in their respective atomic orbitals, work or function to hold two nuclei together, by virtue of system energy lowering effects. In 1931, building on this theory, chemist Linus Pauling published what some consider one of the most important papers in the history of chemistry: â€Å"On the Nature of the Chemical Bond†. In this paper, building on the works of Lewis, and the valence bond theory (VB) of Heitler and London, and his own earlier work, he presented six rules for the shared electron bond, the first three of which were already generally known: 1. The electron-pair bond forms through the interaction of an unpaired electron on each of two atoms. 2. The spins of the electrons have to be opposed. 3. Once paired, the two electrons cannot take part in additional bonds. His last three rules were new: 4. The electron-exchange terms for the bond involve only one wave function from each atom. 5. The available electrons in the lowest energy level form the strongest bonds. 6. Of two orbitals in an atom, the one that can overlap the most with an orbital from another atom will form the strongest bond, and this bond will tend to lie in the direction of the concentrated orbital. Bonds in chemical formula The 3-dimensionality of atoms and molecules makes it difficult to use a single technique for indicating orbitals and bonds. In molecular formulae the chemical bonds (binding orbitals) between atoms are indicated by various different methods according to the type of discussion. Sometimes, they are completely neglected. For example, in organic chemistry chemists are sometimes concerned only with the functional groups of the molecule. Thus, the molecular formula of ethanol (a compound in alcoholic beverages) may be written in a paper in conformational, 3-dimensional, full 2-dimensional (indicating every bond with no 3-dimensional directions), compressed 2-dimensional (CH3-CH2-OH), separating the functional group from another part of the molecule (C2H5OH), or by its atomic constituents (C2H6O), according to what is discussed. Sometimes, even the non-bonding valence shell electrons (with the 2-dimensional approximate directions) are marked, i.e. for elemental carbon.C. Some chemists may a lso mark the respective orbitals, i.e. the hypothetical ethene−4 anion (/C=C/ −4) indicating the possibility of bond formation. Strong chemical bonds Typical bond lengths in pmand bond energies in kJ/mol.Bond lengths can be converted to by division by 100 (1 Ã… = 100 pm).Data taken from Bond Length(pm) Energy(kJ/mol) H — Hydrogen H-H 74 436 H-O 96 366 H-F 92 568 H-Cl 127 432 C — Carbon C-H 109 413 C-C 154 348 C=C 134 614 C≠¡C 120 839 C-N 147 308 C-O 143 360 C-F 134 488 C-Cl 177 330 N — Nitrogen N-H 101 391 N-N 145 170 N≠¡N 110 945 O — Oxygen O-O 148 145 O=O 121 498 F, Cl, Br, I — Halogens F-F 142 158 Cl-Cl 199 243 Br-H 141 366 Br-Br 228 193 I-H 161 298 I-I 267 151 Strong chemical bonds are the intramolecular forces which hold atoms together in molecules. A strong chemical bond is formed from the transfer or sharing of electrons between atomic centers and relies on the electrostatic attraction between the protons in nuclei and the electrons in the orbitals. Although these bonds typically involve the transfer of integer numbers of electrons (this is the bond order), some systems can have intermediate numbers. An example of this is the organic molecule benzene, where the bond order is 1.5 for each carbon atom. The types of strong bond differ due to the difference in electronegativity of the constituent elements. A large difference in electronegativity leads to more polar (ionic) character in the bond. Covalent bond Covalent bonding is a common type of bonding, in which the electro negativity difference between the bonded atoms is small or nonexistent. Bonds within most organic compounds are described as covalent. See sigma bonds and pi bonds for LCAO-description of such bonding. A polar covalent bond is a covalent bond with a significant ionic character. This means that the electrons are closer to one of the atoms than the other, creating an imbalance of charge. They occur as a bond between two atoms with moderately different electro negativities, and give rise to dipole-dipole interactions. A coordinate covalent bond is one where both bonding electrons are from one of the atoms involved in the bond. These bonds give rise to Lewis acids and bases. The electrons are shared roughly equally between the atoms in contrast to ionic bonding. Such bonding occurs in molecules such as the ammonium ion (NH4+) and is shown by an arrow pointing to the Lewis acid. Molecules which are formed primarily from non-polar covalent bonds are often immiscible in water or other polar solvents, but much more soluble in non-polar solvents such as hexane. Ionic bond Ionic bonding is a type of electrostatic interaction between atoms which have a large electro negativity difference. There is no precise value that distinguishes ionic from covalent bonding but a difference of electro negativity of over 1.7 is likely to be ionic and a difference of less than 1.7 is likely to be covalent Ionic bonding leads to separate positive and negative ions. Ionic charges are commonly between −3e to +3e. Ionic bonding commonly occurs in metal salts such as sodium chloride (table salt). Bonds in chemical formula: he 3-dimensionality of atoms and molecules makes it difficult to use a single technique for indicating orbitals and bonds. In molecular formulae the chemical bonds (binding orbitals) between atoms are indicated by various different methods according to the type of discussion. Sometimes, they are completely neglected. For example, in organic chemistry chemists are sometimes concerned only with the functional groups of the molecule. Strong chemical bonds: Strong chemical bonds are the intramolecular forces which hold atoms together in molecules. A strong chemical bond is formed from the transfer or sharing of electrons between atomic centers and relies on the electrostatic attraction between the protons in nuclei and the electrons in the orbitals. Although these bonds typically involve the transfer of integer numbers of electron some systems can have intermediate numbers. Aromatic bond In organic chemistry, certain configurations of electrons and orbitals infer extra stability to a molecule. This occurs when Ï€ orbitals overlap and combine with others on different atomic centres, forming a long range bond. For a molecule to be aromatic it must obey Hà ¼ckels rule, where the number of Ï€ electrons fit the formula 4n + 2, where n is an integer. The bonds involved in the aromaticity are all planar. In benzene, the prototypical aromatic compound, 18 (n = 4) bonding electrons bind 6 carbon atoms together to form a planar ring structure. The bond order (average number of bonds) between the different carbon atoms may be said to be (18/6)/2=1.5, but in this case the bonds are all identical from the chemical point of view. They may sometimes be written as single bonds alternating with double bonds, but the view of all ring bonds as being equivalently about 1.5 bonds in strength, is much closer to truth. In the case of heterocyclic aromatics and substituted benzenes, the electronegativity differences between different parts of the ring may dominate the chemical behavior of aromatic ring bonds, which otherwise are equivalent. Metallic bond In a metallic bond, bonding electrons are delocalized over a lattice of atoms. By contrast, in ionic compounds, the locations of the binding electrons and their charges are static. Because of delocalization or the free moving of electrons, it leads to the metallic properties such as conductivity, ductility and hardness. Intermolecular bonding There are four basic types of bonds that can be formed between two or more (otherwise non-associated) molecules, ions or atoms. Intermolecular forces cause molecules to be attracted or repulsed by each other. Often, these define some of the physical characteristics (such as the melting point) of a substance. A large difference in electronegativity between two bonded atoms will cause dipole-dipole interactions. The bonding electrons will, on the whole, be closer to the more electronegative atom more frequently than the less electronegative one, giving rise to partial charges on each atomic center, and causing electrostatic forces between molecules. A hydrogen bond is effectively a strong example of a permanent dipole. The large difference in electro negativities between hydrogen and any of fluorine, nitrogen and oxygen, coupled with their lone pairs of electrons cause strong electrostatic forces between molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the high boiling points of water and ammonia with respect to their heavier analogues. The London dispersion force arises due to instantaneous dipoles in neighbouring atoms. As the negative charge of the electron is not uniform around the whole atom, there is always a charge imbalance. This small charge will induce a corresponding dipole in a nearby molecule; causing an attraction between the two. The electron then moves to another part of the electron cloud and the attraction is broken. A cation-pi interaction occurs between the negative charges of pi bonds above and below an aromatic ring and a cation. Global Community Impact on Water Shortage: Article Analysis Global Community Impact on Water Shortage: Article Analysis MA447 Global Management Issues Taking Sides Worksheet Student Name: Jennifer R. Thomas Takings Sides Article Number and Name: Article 2.4 Can the Global Community Successfully Confront the Global Water Shortage? Work Cite: Easton, Thomas A. Taking Sides. Boston: McGraw-Hill Education Create, 2014. Print. Date: 2-21-2017 BACKGROUND What qualifications does the author have for writing the YES article on this subject? (This may also apply to quotes within the article.) William Wheeler, the author of Global Water Crisis: Too Little, Too Much or Lack of a Plan? is a reporter and contributor to The Christian Science Monitor and the Pulitzer Center, among other publications. (p.87, Easton) William Wheeler has a Masters Degree in Journalism and International Affairs from Columbia and has a background in political affairs in Africa, Southeast Asia and the Middle East and immigrant detention in New York City and Virginia. He was the recipient of the Earth Journalism Award in 2009. He partnered with Anna-Katarina Gravgaard on a report on water politics and climate change. http://www.bu.edu/cghd/files/2011/04/Disaster-Conference-Speaker-Bios.pdf When and where the YES article was first published? Does this affect its credibility? The article, Global Water Crisis: Too Little, Too Much, or Lack of a Plan? (Easton) Was published on December 2, 2012, by The Christian Science Monitor. The article was a recently published article, 2012, and William Wheeler has a good background in politics, specifically giving some focus to the politics of water, for which he received an award as noted in the article, http://www.bu.edu/cghd/files/2011/04/Disaster-Conference-Speaker-Bios.pdf What qualifications does the author have for writing the NO article on this subject? (This may also apply to quotes within the article.) Stewart M. Patrick is a senior fellow and director of the International Institutions and Global Governance Program at The Council on Foreign Relations. (p. 89, Easton) The following are a list of his expert experiences according to http://www.cfr.org/experts/international-institutions-global-governance-multilateral-institutions-un-failed-states-sovereignty/stewart-m-patrick/b5863 Multilateral cooperation, International Institutions, and Global Governance United Nations Transnational Threats Foreign Assistance Post-conflict reconstruction Stewart was a graduate of Stanford University. When and where the NO article was first published? Does this affect its credibility? The article, The Coming Global Water Crisis. What Happens When Demands for this Essential Resource Starts Exceeding Supply in many Parts of the World? (Easton), was published on May 9, 2012, in the Atlantic magazine. The author has a good knowledge and background, especially with an interest of weak and failing states. Having said that, and with the article somewhat new, I would say that the publication and the author both are credible. EFFECTIVE ARGUMENT TECHNIQUES See information at the end of this worksheet about creating effective arguments. Students are required to address the issue by exploring both articles and both sides of the argument. SUMMARY OF YES ARGUMENT POINTS SUMMARY OF NO ARGUMENT POINTS William Wheeler, the author of the yes argument, believes that supply or lack thereof, is not a real concern but that it is more about valuing water and how it is used. There is just as much water in the world now as there always has been, water supply has not decreased. The evaporation process has not changed and water is still cycled through the water cycle. Meaning that water is evaporated into the air, it then rains, in lakes, rivers and freezes in the glaciers, plants absorb it and the process starts all over. Water is being used up quicker than it can be replaced. Droughts give reason to fear a water crisis. The phrase Global Water Crisis leaves the impression that there is a major water crisis/shortage. Too much water can be just as devastating as not having enough water. Water feeds crops, powers cities, cools computer servers and is key to the manufacturing of everything from clothes to cars (p. 84) Increase in population will increase demand for water. The better a region is doing economically, the more water they demand all due to the consumption of more meat rather than wheat. Livestock, in which the meat comes from, needs more water than wheat does. Water Resource Group suggest that by 2030 almost half of the world population will be hit with a severe water shortage and by 2050, 1 in 5 developing countries will too. Water shortage is also due to too many tube wells draining the water. Human are living beyond their means, meaning that they are consuming more water than they really have available and at a higher rate than water is being replenished. Leaking infrastructure are also a reason for water shortage. Climate change, increase in global grain prices and droughts, some caused by record high temperatures, are contributing factors to water shortage. Rising sea levels can damage wall protections as well as increase the risk of coastal storms. Poorer regions will be more affected by the water shortages. Global Water shortage should be a concern of everyones not just the region or area affected by it. Climate change will increase the rate that glaciers melt off when regions depend on the glacier water as a resource at the same time that other regions, already distressed by drought, will become more distressed by increase drought. As water shortage becomes more of an issue, regions will use it as an economic source and will build dams to keep it from running off to lower land regions. They will focus on keeping as much water as they can, close to home. This will cause conflict and risk of terrorist attacks. More than 15 countries rely on hydropower to generate at least 80 percent of their electricity (p. 86) and if water shortage is not handled properly, regions could be faced with energy shortage in addition to, food supply being affected and run a higher risk of waterborne diseases. Professor Lalls believe is that water shortage is blown out of proportion and isnt really as bad as it is being made out to be. Professor Lall believes that one way of fixing the crisis is to be more aware of what crops are being grown and where these crops are being grown, reducing waste, recycle water and repurpose flood-control systems, to name a few. He also mentioned involving the government to ensure easy access to rural and urban areas as well as accessing cheap soil moisture sensors are used to improve agricultural water efficiency. Professor Lall states that everyone should be paying more for water as another way to help regulate water usage. Professor Lall states that what the U.S. needs is a policy that incorporates forecasts, trading mechanisms, options, and coordinated use of both surface and ground-water resources. (p.87) Drought in Sahel will threaten 15 million lives. Global Warming will affect global demand for fresh water versus the availability of the supply of fresh water. Population growth also will affect the available supply of water. Regions dealing with major water shortage will eventually run into issues with pollical and social instability. The planets fresh water source is about 2.5% Growing global water demand for fresh water are a result of increase in population, as it will continue to increase in the coming years, reduction in available fresh water due to the melting away of the glaciers as a result of global warming, individuals are consuming more meats over wheat, where it takes more water to feed the livestock than it does to grow wheat, and poor management of the water. Water shortage increases tension amongst regions and they begin to come territorial over their water source, leaving room for issues globally by building dams and things of the sort to keep from losing water to another region. Internationally there are only 263 water basins that are shared. Managing the water source includes stopping the leaks from infrastructures, new irrigation systems and growing crops that use less water and can withstand drought, which would improve agriculture efficiency, pricing water based on its real value and making clear the rights to water sources. CRITICAL THINKING AND REFLECTION ARTICLE-SPECIFIC QUESTIONS *Answer all of the questions listed at the beginning of Exploring the Issue for each set of articles. 1. I believe that the increased demand for future water are 100% real. Both articles bring up many points as to why the demand will increase in the near future. Those include, increase in the population, climate change increases drought in some areas while melting the glaciers in other areas, increasing the risk of hurricanes from rising sea levels and once the glaciers meltdown, there will be no more water source in the future. Water is also underpriced and as mentioned in both articles as well. It was also mentioned that management of water source is a problem. 2. I believe that moderating the distribution of water would help the water shortage but I do not believe that it is the main culprit of global water shortage. I think it is more a combination of multiple culprits. 3. No, I do believe that global warming changes the result of adverse changes in the supply of and demand for water, I believe it has a huge impact on the supply of however. Global warming will soon dry up most if not all of our water resources. 4. I do not believe that just taking any one action will avert the world global water crisis. As I have stated in the above questions, I believe that it will take an all or nothing approach. There are many pieces to the puzzle and by focusing just on one piece, the others may get worse while you think you are working to solve the crisis. 5 I have more faith in focusing on a broader approach of a better integrated water management system for a brighter future global water system than anything else. I believe being broad and giving attention to all of the factors that are attributing to the water crisis is the only way to approach the situation. EFFECTIVE ARGUMENT TECHNIQUES Acknowledge differing viewpoints This technique strengthens your argument in 3 ways: It helps you spot flaws on the opposing side. It can help you spot flaws in your own argument. It establishes your credibility as someone who can address the issue in a reasonable way and at least consider opposing points of view EXAMPLE: The installation of cameras does cost an immense amount of money. They also give no privacy to the students. (This writer is actually in FAVOR of security cameras. In the introduction, however, he raises these two arguments against the cameras to establish credibility.) WARNING! If you acknowledge a differing viewpoint, dont just say the other side has a valid point and leave it at that. Move on to the next step of rebuttal. Rebut differing viewpoints A strong argument points out the flaws in the other sides thinking using reasonable language and examples. INTRODUCTION EXAMPLE: The installation of the cameras does cost an immense amount of money. They also give no privacy to the students. However, they would be convenient for the schools security. CONCLUSION EXAMPLE: Even though the installation of cameras is expensive and offers no privacy to student, it does help the security of the school. Strategies for Writing an Effective Argument. Strategies for Writing an Effective Argument. Triton College, n.d. Web. 12 May 2014. . A 10-STEP PROCESS FOR ANALYZING AN ARGUMENT by Brian W. Carver After you have read the passage carefully, distinguishing between purported facts and opinions, answer the following questions thoroughly. What is the authors conclusion? What premises does the author provide to support this conclusion? What assumptions (unstated premises) are required for the authors argument to be valid? Do the premises seem uncontroversially true? If not, explain. Do the assumptions seem uncontroversially true? If not, explain. Are all terms in the argument adequately defined? If not, explain. Are there other facts, not discussed, that would be helpful to know in evaluating the argument? If so, explain. Does the author appeal to emotion or use words designed to influence our response? (e.g., discounts, hedges, assurances, repetition, etc.) If so, explain. Is your well-crafted version of the argument valid? That is, suppose the premises and assumptions are true, regardless of their actual truth or falsity. Ask yourself, given their truth, does the conclusion have to follow? (If so the argument is valid, if not, it is invalid.) If a clear valid/invalid answer is difficult, explain why. In your opinion, is your well-crafted version of the argument sound? That is, does it both have a valid form and have all true premises and assumptions? (If so, it is sound, if not, it is unsound.) Explain your answer. Retrieved from https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~brianwc/courses/thinking/2002fall/analyze.html